“The ingredients include water, organic substances, and a consistent energy source. Photosynthesis is fuelled by the energy source at the surface, which is sunlight. Geothermal energy provides the chemical fertilizers necessary for life on the ocean floor. The components essential to existence are also vital. These are, in our case, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. However, there are a number of unanswered scientific questions regarding how these elements came to be on Earth.”

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